Through this study, it has become clear to us that the world of family philanthropy is incredibly diverse and complex, with many forms and variations. Our aim in presenting it is to contribute to the field of family philanthropy in at least four ways:

• Discussing the effect of family philanthropy on the wider family enterprise system
• Identifying and discussing tradeoffs in family philanthropy
• Presenting the Family Philanthropy Navigator tool
• Outlining the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on family philanthropy